History Of Music Videos Tiki Toki

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History Of Music Videos-

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Video Editing Techniques

-180 degree rule, cinematography guideline that states that two characters in a scene should maintain the same left/right relationship to eachother. When the camera passes over the invisible axis connecting the two subjects, it is called crossing the line and the shot becomes what is called a reverse angle.

 -Types of shot ( close up, long shot etc.)

extreme wide shot , the view is so far from the subject isn’t even visible.

Very wide shot, the subject is barley visible.

Wide shot, subject takes up full frame.

mid shot, shows some part of the subject in more detail while giving an impression of the whole subject.

Medium close up, half way between mid shot and close up.

Close up, a certain feature or part of the subject takes up the whole frame.

Extreme close up, shows extreme detail

Cut in, shows some other part of the subject in detail

Cutaway, a show of something other than the subject

Two shot , a shot of two people framed similarly to a mid shot.

Over the shoulder shot, looking from behind a person at the subject

Point of view shot, shows a view from a subjects perspective.

Weather shot, the subject is the weather, can be used for other purposes e.g background for graphics.

Bibliography:Media, W. (no date) Camera shots. Available at: http://www.mediacollege.com/video/shots/ (Accessed: 20 September 2016).In-line Citation:(Media, no date)    
Parallel Editing-   Parallel editing which is also refereed to as cross cutting is the technique of alternating two or more scenes that often happen simultaneously but in different locations. If the scenes are simultaneous they occasionally come together in a single place where the relevant parties confront each other.

Types Of Transitions-
Cut: The most common transition an instant change from one shot to the next. The footage from the camera contains cuts between shots where you stop and start recording.
Crossfade: A gradual fade from one shot to the next. Crossfades have a more relaxed feel than a cut. Scenary sequences work well with crossfades. Crossfades can also convey a sense of passing time or changing location.
Fade: This fades the shot to a single colour, usually black or white. The fade to black and fade from black are always found in a film and television. They usually show the beginning and ending of scenes. Fades can be used between shots to create a sort of crossfade.
Wipe: One shot is progressively replaced by another shot. There are many times of Wipe from straight lines to complex shapes. Wipe transitions often have a coloured boarder to help distinguish the shots during the transition. These are also a good way to show a champing location.

Bibliography:Media, W. (no date) Camera shots. Available at: http://www.mediacollege.com/video/shots/ (Accessed: 20 September 2016).In-line Citation:

(Media, no date)    

Key Practitioners 

The Lumiere Brothers- The Lumiere Brothers were French Inventors and pioneer manufacturers of photographic equipment, who devised an early motion picture camera. 

  Bibliography:
The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica (no date) ‘Lumiere brothers | french inventors’, in Encyclopædia Britannica. Available at: https://www.britannica.com/biography/Lumiere-brothers (Accessed: 26 September 2016).In-line Citation:(The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica, no date)

D.W. Griffiths- D.W Griffiths was known as the " Inventor Of Hollywood". He was an American film director, writer and producer who pioneered modern film making techniques. He is known for his films The Birth Of A Nation ( 1915 ) and Intolerance ( 1916 ). His film The Birth Of A Nation made us of an advanced camera and narrative techniques.
 Bibliography:
D. W. Griffith (2016) in Wikipedia. Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D._W._Griffith (Accessed: 26 September 2016).In-line Citation:(D. W. Griffith, 2016)

Edwin S. Porter-  Edwin invented the Simplex camera for the Edison Company and pioneered new techniques in films like The Great Train Robbery. in 1897 he invented the Beadnell film projector. As the Edison Company's director camera-man, Porter filmed The Great Train Robbery. In the 1930's he worked on home-movie cameras. 
Biography. com Editors (2014) The Biography.Com. Available at: http://www.biography.com/people/edwin-s-porter-21194085#early-years (Accessed: 26 September 2016).In-line Citation:(2014)

Lev Kuleshov- Lev was a Russsain director who used the editing technique known as the " Kuleshov effect". Although other editing techniques such as crosscutting were used by other directors before him he was the first to use them in Soviet Russia. In 1916 he started his film career as a set designer at the Moscow film studio Aleksandr Khanzhonkov and occassionally acted in some of its productions. 

Bibliography:2016, J. (no date) ‘Lev Kuleshov’, in Available at: http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0474487/bio?ref_=nm_ov_bio_sm (Accessed: 6 October 2016).In-line Citation:(2016, no date)

History Of Video Editing

The Lumiere Brothers were French inventors and pioneer manufactures of photographic equipment. 

In 1895 the Lumiere Brothers invented Cinematography. Cinematography recorded, captured and projected motion picture. Even though the Lumiere Brothers had a great invention Edwin S Porter showed them that film didn’t have to be one long still image in 1901. 

McDougall, Julian, 2012. OCR Media Studies for AS. 3rd ed. Italy: Hodder Education. 

In 1908 D.W. Griffiths film " For Love Of Gold" featured the first ever continuity cut when a scene was cut. Griffiths then realised that emotions could be be portrayed through different camera angles instead of it all being down to the actors. 
    The discovery of the Kuleshov effect was Soviet director and film therapist Lev Kuleshov. The Kuleshov effect was a montage effect on the film which Lev believed would get the audience to respond more. 
Bibliography:Rothery, K. (2012) Alfredo Barros. Available at: http://www.slideshare.net/katierothery/history-of-editing (Accessed: 6 October 2016).In-line Citation:(Rothery, 2012)

Tiki Toki Timeline: History Of Music Videos 

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